The Enduring Legacy of the Raketa Big Zero: A Comprehensive Guide to Its History, Models, and Authentication

The Enduring Legacy of the Raketa Big Zero: A Comprehensive Guide to Its History, Models, and Authentication

Introduction: The Soviet Timekeeping Icon

The Raketa Big Zero is far more than a mere timepiece; it represents an iconic symbol of Soviet design and a tangible fragment of history. Its distinctive, minimalist aesthetic, characterised by oversized numerals and a prominent “0” at the 12 o’clock position, has captivated collectors worldwide. This design, initially conceived for practical reasons, transcended its original purpose to become a cultural landmark, particularly during the Perestroika era.  

This report aims to delve deeper into the Raketa Big Zero, exploring its complex history, diverse models, and technical specifications. It intends to uncover lesser-known facts, verify existing information, and provide a comprehensive comparative analysis between vintage and modern iterations. Furthermore, this guide seeks to equip collectors with essential authentication advice, aiding them in navigating the intricate market of Soviet-era watches.

Raketa Big Zero

I. The Petrodvorets Watch Factory: From Imperial Origins to the Birth of Raketa

Foundation and Link to Peter the Great (1721)

The Petrodvorets Watch Factory, the birthplace of Raketa watches, boasts a remarkably long and distinguished history, with its origins tracing back to 1721. It was established by decree of Emperor Peter the Great, initially as a lapidary factory specialising in the processing of precious stones and jewellery. This imperial heritage underscores the factory’s deep roots in Russian craftsmanship and its historical significance, predating many renowned Swiss watch manufacturers. The factory is still housed in its original building in Peterhof (Saint Petersburg).  

The factory’s founding by Peter the Great in 1721 and its continued operation in the historic Peterhof building indicate a strong emphasis on historical continuity and national pride. This is not merely a watch factory; it is an institution deeply intertwined with Russia’s history and achievements. This long and unbroken lineage, which even spanned the Soviet period, bestows a level of prestige and authenticity that many newer brands lack. This characteristic serves as a powerful positioning tool for the modern Raketa brand , also suggesting a deep accumulation of generational skills and knowledge, a distinguishing factor in an industry where many companies outsource production.  

The Naming of “Raketa” in Honour of Yuri Gagarin (1961)

The brand name “Raketa” was established much later, in 1961, to commemorate a pivotal moment in human history: Yuri Gagarin’s first manned space flight aboard Vostok 1. This naming decision, meaning “Rocket” in Russian, directly linked the watches to Soviet innovation and industrial might, positioning them as symbols of national achievement.  

The choice to name the brand “Raketa” in 1961, following Gagarin’s flight, proved to be a strategic branding move during the Cold War. This decision immediately associated the watches with Soviet technological triumphs and national pride. However, this association also generated a negative perception in the West, where “Raketa” was linked to intercontinental ballistic missiles. This dual perception highlights how deeply the brand was intertwined with the geopolitical context of the era, transforming a consumer good into a subtle propaganda tool. This historical context adds significant depth to the brand’s narrative for collectors.  

Raketa’s Role in the Soviet Era: Production for Military, Explorers, and Civilians

During the Soviet era, Raketa watches were not mere consumer goods; they served critical functions for various state entities. They were produced for the Red Army, the Soviet Navy, and for North Pole expeditions, indicating a focus on robustness and reliability in extreme environments. Specialised models like the “Polar” (1969), with a 24-hour movement, were specifically designed for Arctic explorers to distinguish day from night. The factory also holds the world’s largest collection of watch design archives. The “Baikonur” model, designed in collaboration with cosmonaut Sergey Krikalev, featured special functions necessary for space travel. Raketa also collaborated with major aircraft manufacturers like Sukhoi and Tupolev to develop watches for pilots. At its peak in the 1970s, Raketa was among the world’s largest watch manufacturers, producing approximately five million mechanical watches annually.  

The extensive production of watches for the military, navy, and explorers , coupled with the development of specialised models like the “Polar” and “Baikonur” , demonstrates that functionality and durability were absolute priorities in Soviet design, often outweighing luxury or aesthetic embellishments. This approach starkly contrasts with Western watchmaking, which tended to emphasise prestige and elaborate complications. This “function before flourish” philosophy, born out of necessity and state-controlled production, holds a strong appeal for many modern collectors of Soviet watches , offering a unique blend of history and robust engineering. This also implies a high standard of internal quality control, given the critical nature of these watches’ applications.  

Post-Soviet Revival (2010) and Commitment to In-House Production

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Raketa faced significant challenges in adapting to a market economy. However, its fortunes began to change in 2010 with a revival led by British entrepreneur David Henderson-Stewart. Under new management, Raketa adopted modern production methods while preserving its heritage, notably by continuing to produce its mechanical movements entirely in-house, “from A to Z”. This commitment to vertical integration, including the production of hairsprings and escapements , is a rare feat in the global watch industry, distinguishing Raketa from most brands that rely on external suppliers like Nivarox. The factory even attracted former Rolex and Breguet watchmakers to modernise its production.  

The post-Soviet revival led by David Henderson-Stewart and the renewed focus on in-house movement production represent a strategic move to reposition Raketa in the global luxury market. In an industry where “manufacture” status is highly valued, Raketa’s ability to produce its own hairsprings and escapements provides a strong narrative of authenticity and a competitive advantage over brands that merely assemble external components. This commitment to traditional watchmaking, combined with a modern marketing approach, allows Raketa to appeal to both vintage watch enthusiasts and new collectors seeking genuine horological value.  

II. The “Big Zero”: Design Genesis and the Gorbachev Legend

The Original 1970s Design and Its Minimalist Aesthetic

The original design of the Raketa “Big Zero” dates back to the 1970s. Its aesthetic is distinctly minimalist, characterised by a clean, uncluttered dial with oversized numerals for 3, 6, 9, and a prominent “0” at the 12 o’clock position. The other hour markers are typically represented by long, narrow triangles. This bold, almost “brutal” yet functional design, with its high-contrast black and white colour scheme, ensured excellent legibility.  

The “Big Zero” design, originating in the 1970s , with its oversized numerals and the “0” at 12 o’clock, was initially conceived for practical purposes, such as making it easier for visually impaired individuals to read the time or ensuring clear time indication in challenging conditions. This emphasis on legibility and functionality aligns with the broader Soviet design philosophy, where utility often took precedence over ornamental aesthetics. The enduring appeal of the design lies precisely in this radical simplicity, which, ironically, has made it a timeless classic.  

The Philosophy Behind the “0” Instead of “12”: Functionality and Symbolism

The most striking feature, the “0” instead of “12”, is not merely a design quirk. According to seasoned experts from the Raketa factory, it is rooted in a logical principle: “it is simply more logical to start counting time from zero. After all, time, like many aspects of our lives, invariably begins from zero”. This “rebellious concept” challenges traditional timekeeping norms, expressing a philosophical statement about new beginnings.  

While it might appear to be a simple design choice, the “0” at 12 o’clock possesses a deeper, almost subversive utility. It is a pragmatic approach to time-telling that also embodies a philosophical statement about starting anew. This “zero” concept, coupled with the watch’s later association with Perestroika, gives the “Big Zero” a symbolic weight that extends far beyond its mechanical function, making it particularly appealing to collectors interested in the cultural and historical narratives embedded in objects. It is a watch that, literally and figuratively, marked a fresh start.  

The Mikhail Gorbachev Anecdote and “Perestroika”: Analysing the Legend and Its Impact on Popularity

The Raketa “Big Zero” gained considerable international fame due to an anecdote involving Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the USSR. During an official visit to Italy in the 1980s , when asked to explain the meaning of “Perestroika” (restructuring), Gorbachev reportedly pointed to his Raketa Big Zero watch and stated: “It’s like my watch: the Soviet people aspire to start everything from zero” or “It expresses the Russians’ determination to start their lives from ‘zero'”. This direct gesture made headlines in Italy and cemented the watch’s status as a legendary design. Although the exact origin of the design predates Gorbachev’s use, the anecdote undeniably boosted its popularity.  

The Gorbachev anecdote transformed the “Big Zero” from a functional timepiece into a cultural icon. This direct link to a central historical figure and a transformative political movement (“Perestroika”) significantly increased its collectability and market value. The story, regardless of its precise historical accuracy regarding the design’s intent, has become an integral part of the watch’s identity, demonstrating how historical narratives and public figures can profoundly influence the perception and desirability of consumer goods.  

Historical Context of Perestroika and Glasnost and Their Influence on Soviet Design

Perestroika (restructuring) and Glasnost (openness) were Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms aimed at revitalising the stagnant Soviet economy and increasing political openness. These reforms introduced elements of market economics, encouraged private enterprise, and reduced central planning, leading to greater political and cultural freedoms and increased access to Western ideas and consumer goods. However, they also led to economic challenges such as shortages and inflation. The “Big Zero” emerged during this period of significant societal transformation , symbolising the desire for a fresh start.  

The “Big Zero” design, with its symbolism of “starting from zero”, perfectly encapsulated the spirit of Perestroika and Glasnost. This connection goes beyond a mere anecdote; it suggests that even consumer goods like watches could reflect the profound social and political changes underway in the USSR. The watch became a subtle yet powerful representation of a nation grappling with change and aspiring to a new beginning, making it a compelling artefact for understanding the late Soviet era.  

III. Historical Models and Variants of the Raketa Big Zero (Soviet Era)

Distinctive Features: Details on Cases, Dials, and Hands

Vintage Raketa Big Zero watches are most commonly characterised by a cushion-shaped case, particularly reference #51. This case measures approximately 39mm in width (excluding crown), 40.5mm lug-to-lug, and 11mm in thickness. It features a smooth, press-on bezel with a slight bevel towards the crystal and a subtle upward curve in its profile when viewed from the side. The lugs are relatively small, which can sometimes make strap pairing challenging. Some vintage models were also available with a barrel-shaped stainless steel case. The case material was often chrome-plated brass.  

Dials are typically black and white, offering high contrast. The iconic “0” at 12 o’clock, along with the numerals 3, 6, and 9, are oversized. The remaining hour markers are generally represented by long, narrow triangles. A crucial aspect for authentication is that these numerals and triangles are applied markers, appearing as a type of glossy resin or thin metal, rather than simply being printed. The tips of these wedge-shaped markers should be slightly rounded in cushion-cased variants, although some authentic dials from 1980s catalogues may feature sharper tips. The “0” itself is often described as “squarish” rather than a perfect oval.  

The hour and minute hands are characteristically thick and bold, often described as “stubby”, with a slight tip or curve at their ends. The seconds hand is thin but flares slightly at the back end. These specific shapes are important for authentication, as incorrect hands are a common sign of “franken-watches” (watches assembled from non-original parts).  

Vintage Big Zeros typically featured a steeply-domed acrylic (plexiglass) crystal. An authentic Raketa Big Zero crystal is described as “hockey puck”-shaped, with sharp edges that angle up 90 degrees towards a flat surface. This contrasts with modern sapphire crystals.  

The consistency of design elements in vintage Big Zero models, such as the specific case shapes (cushion/barrel), applied numerals with rounded tips , and distinctive hand shapes , suggests a standardised production process within the Soviet system. The use of acrylic crystals instead of sapphire (common in modern versions) indicates the material availability and technological constraints of the era. However, this consistency also makes deviations from these norms critical indicators for identifying fakes or “franken-watches”, highlighting the importance of understanding original production specifications for collectors.  

The 2609.HA Movement: Detailed Technical Specifications, Reputation for Reliability, and Common Issues

The Soviet-era Raketa Big Zero typically housed the mechanical hand-wound Calibre 2609.HA movement.  

Technical Specifications:

FeatureDetail
Calibre NameRaketa 2609.HA
TypeMechanical (Hand-Wound)
Launch YearCirca 1975
Jewels19 (some variants 17)
Frequency18,000 beats/hour (2.5 Hz)
Power Reserve45 hours (some sources indicate 36 hours or 24 hours )
FunctionsHours, Minutes, Central Seconds
Shock ProtectionYes
Dimensions (Overall Diameter)26.65 mm
Height4.4 mm
ReputationReliable, Robust, Durable

Reputation for Reliability: The 2609.HA movement is widely recognised for its durability and robustness. It is described as a “utilitarian, but very robust” movement that “can hold up to a lot”. It was even considered “the most reliable and robust movement in the world” in its time, with Russian watches exported to 38 countries. This reliability was a hallmark of Soviet watchmaking, which prioritised functionality and longevity over planned obsolescence.  

Common Issues and Serviceability: While robust, vintage 2609.HA movements can exhibit issues due to age and lack of servicing. Common problems include low amplitude and inconsistent accuracy, especially when worn, which might indicate a loose hairspring. Setting issues, where the stem moves freely without interacting with the hands, can occur if the cannon pinion binds, causing minute wheel teeth to shear off. Repairs can be costly due to the need for non-standard parts. Servicing these movements requires specific techniques, particularly for delicate parts like the escape wheel jewels. Collectors are advised that antique watches are generally not waterproof and must be protected from moisture, and hands should only be adjusted clockwise to prevent damage.  

The reputation of the 2609.HA calibre as a “robust” and “durable” movement is a direct consequence of Soviet-era production priorities. In a planned economy, the emphasis was on producing reliable, long-lasting goods for the masses and for critical state functions (military, exploration). This contrasts with market economies where planned obsolescence might be a factor. The common issues reported today (low amplitude, setting problems) are primarily age-related, not inherent design flaws, which underscores the movement’s fundamental durability. The difficulty in sourcing non-standard parts for repairs is a direct implication of the shift from a centralised production system to a global market, where parts for defunct Soviet industries are scarce.  

Dial Variants and Markings: Analysing “Paketa” (Cyrillic) vs “Raketa” (English) and “Made in USSR” vs “Made in Russia” as Time and Market Indicators

The markings on the dial of vintage Raketa Big Zero watches provide crucial indicators for authentication and dating.

Logo: The brand logo can appear in two ways: “Paketa” (РАКЕТА in Cyrillic) or “Raketa” (in Latin characters). “Paketa” is characteristic of earlier Soviet-era models intended for the domestic market, while “Raketa” in Latin characters indicates more modern pieces or those produced closer to the collapse of the USSR (around 1992) for export.  

Country Designation: Authentic Soviet-era dials typically feature “Сделано в CCCP” (Made in USSR in Cyrillic) for models intended for the domestic market or “Made in USSR” for export models. A red flag for authenticity is a dial with both “Paketa” (Cyrillic) and “Made in Russia” (English) simultaneously, or a dial with no country designation at all. Later (post-Soviet) models may bear “Сделано в России” or “Made in Russia”.  

Quality Mark: Some vintage Big Zero models, particularly those from 1986 catalogues, might display the USSR state quality seal.  

The variations in dial markings, such as Cyrillic “Paketa” versus Latin “Raketa”, and “Made in USSR” versus “Made in Russia” , serve as fundamental linguistic and historical markers. They reflect the Soviet Union’s evolving relationship with the global market and its subsequent dissolution. The shift to Latin script and “Made in Russia” signalling a post-Soviet era of increasing internationalisation and a move away from the more insular Soviet identity. For collectors, these subtle textual changes are vital for dating a watch and assessing its authenticity and market origin.  

Special and Rare Editions

The Raketa Big Zero did not only exist in its most common form but also saw the production of various rare and special variants that add complexity and allure to its lineage.

The “Big Zero Geiger”: This is a particularly unique and mysterious variant. It is said to have been assembled in Italy by an import company named “Mirabilia” in the late 1980s, using original Raketa Big Zero parts but adding a “unique local touch”. The most intriguing aspect is the intentional misspelling “Geigher” instead of “Geiger”. The theory suggests this was done to avoid negative associations with Geiger counters and radioactivity, especially after the Chernobyl incident in 1986, when public sensitivity to radioactivity was high. The Big Zero Geiger exists in two main variants: black and ochre, and black and grey. Both are extremely rare and highly sought after by collectors for their rarity, Soviet-Italian connection, and the mystery surrounding the name error.  

Raketa Caution Contact Gaigher
Raketa Caution Contact Gaigher

Stone Dials (e.g., Jade) and Their Rarity: Raketa also produced Big Zero models with dials crafted from natural stone, such as jade. These dials, typically 0.5mm thick, boast unique and unrepeatable textures, making each watch a one-of-a-kind piece. They were produced in limited quantities, often by special order, and primarily intended for the Italian market. Cases for these models could be chrome-plated brass or titanium nitride (for yellow dials). These stone dial watches are now considered rare collectible items.  

soviet watch Raketa Big Zero Nephrite
Raketa Big Zero Nephrite

The Pocket Watch Version: A pocket watch variant matching the “Big Zero” design also existed, with catalogue images dating back to 1986. These “Big Zero” pocket watches typically feature a white dial with oversized black numerals and are powered by the Raketa 2609.HA hand-wound mechanical movement.  

soviet watch Raketa Big Zero Pocket
Raketa Big Zero Pocket

The existence of the “Big Zero Geiger” and the stone dial variants , particularly their Italian market orientation, reveals Raketa’s efforts to adapt to specific market demands and create niche products even during the Soviet era. The “Geigher” misspelling is a fascinating example of how external geopolitical events (Chernobyl) could directly influence product naming and marketing, highlighting a reactive and perhaps cautious approach to international sales. These rare variants demonstrate that Soviet production was not entirely monolithic and could respond to perceived market opportunities, adding layers of complexity to the brand’s history.  

Raketa Pocket Watches: Finishes and Sailboat Engravings

In addition to wristwatches, Raketa also produced pocket watches with distinctive features. These pocket watches were generally powered by the Raketa 2609.HA hand-wound movement and featured typical dimensions of approximately 44mm overall diameter with the crown and 11.1mm thickness. Cases were often made of brass with chrome plating or, in some instances, gold-plated.  

A notable aesthetic element on some Raketa pocket watches is the “caseback with a bas-relief in the form of a sailing ship”. This motif, variously described as “Raketa SHIP” or “Navy Brigantine” , was often paired with white dials featuring a matte surface and thin black Roman numerals, complemented by black, straight, thin hands. The sailboat likely symbolised Russia’s maritime heritage and naval power, given Raketa’s historical connection to the Soviet Navy and its location in Saint Petersburg.  

It is important to note that while Raketa produced both “Big Zero” pocket watches and pocket watches with sailboat engravings , current research does not indicate the existence of an original factory Raketa “Big Zero” pocket watch that combines both features (a “Big Zero” dial and a sailboat engraving on the caseback). Descriptions of sailboat pocket watches consistently refer to dials with Roman numerals , suggesting these were distinct design lines. Therefore, a pocket watch claiming to combine a “Big Zero” dial with a sailboat engraving should be examined with extreme caution, as it may be a “frankenwatch” or a non-original assembly.  

Table 1: Technical Specifications of the Raketa 2609.HA Movement

The following table provides a consolidated reference for the mechanical heart of vintage Big Zeros. For collectors, verifying movement specifications is crucial for authentication and understanding the watch’s performance characteristics. The inclusion of variations (e.g., 17 or 19 jewels, power reserve discrepancies) highlights the nuances of Soviet production and helps manage expectations regarding the performance of vintage pieces. It also serves as a direct comparison point for modern automatic movements, illustrating the Big Zero’s technical evolution.

FeatureDetail
Calibre NameRaketa 2609.HA
TypeMechanical (Hand-Wound)
Launch YearCirca 1975
Jewels19 (some variants 17)
Frequency18,000 beats/hour (2.5 Hz)
Power Reserve45 hours (Note: some sources indicate 36 hours or 24 hours )
FunctionsHours, Minutes, Central Seconds
Shock ProtectionYes
Dimensions (Overall Diameter)26.65 mm
Height4.4 mm
ReputationReliable, Robust, Durable

Table 2: Historical Dial Variants and Markings of the Big Zero

This table is an essential authentication tool. It systematically categorises key visual cues on the dial, hands, and case that distinguish authentic vintage Big Zeros from fakes or “franken-watches”. By presenting these variations and their implications (e.g., time indicators, market origin), it empowers collectors to make informed purchasing decisions and appreciate the subtle historical evolution of the watch’s aesthetic.

FeatureAuthentic CharacteristicsImplicationsRed Flags
Dial Logo“Paketa” (РАКЕТА in Cyrillic) or “Raketa” (Latin)Cyrillic for earlier domestic Soviet market; Latin for later Soviet or export models Mix of Cyrillic logo and “Made in Russia” (English)
Country Designation“Сделано в CCCP” (Cyrillic) or “Made in USSR” (English)Cyrillic for domestic Soviet market; English for export models. “Made in Russia” for post-Soviet era No country designation; Mix of Cyrillic logo and “Made in Russia” (English)
Hour Marker Shape (Triangles)Rounded tips (for cushion case); some 1980s catalogues show sharper tips Key detail for cushion-cased model authentication Pointy/sharp tips on cushion-cased models
Numeral ApplicationApplied markers (glossy resin or thin metal, slightly raised) Indicates higher quality and original production Flat/printed numerals
HandsThick, bold, “stubby” hour/minute hands with slight tip/curve; thin seconds hand with slight flare at back Specific proportions and shapes are crucial for originality Hands with incorrect shapes or proportions
CrystalAcrylic, “hockey puck” shape (sharp 90-degree edges towards flat top) Reflects original Soviet-era materials Domed or overly rounded crystal

IV. The Raketa Big Zero in the Modern Era: Continuity and Innovation

The Contemporary Re-edition of the Big Zero: Models 0283 (White), 0296 (Black), 0297 (Grey), and the “Arabic” Edition

Raketa has successfully re-issued the iconic Big Zero in contemporary collections, maintaining its distinctive design while incorporating modern materials and movements.  

Current Models:

  • Big Zero 0283 (White): Features a matte white dial with multi-layered lacquered black numerals and indices, paired with a black leather strap. It was launched in 2022.  
  • Big Zero 0296 (Black): A black dial variant with white numerals, launched in late 2023, featuring highly luminescent numerals and indices.  
  • Big Zero 0297 (Grey): Introduced for the first time with a stainless steel bracelet, it features a grey dial that changes shade from taupe to metallic depending on the light. It also boasts bright Superluminova-coated hands and large numerals for optimal night readability. This was a limited production of 200 pieces in its launch year.  
  • Big Zero Arabic: Reimagined specifically for the Middle East, this limited edition (initially 100 pieces) features Eastern Arabic numerals on a black and white dial, with the Raketa logo in Arabic script designed by renowned calligrapher Mohammad Sharaf. This collaboration reflects a growing interest in foreign watch brands in the Middle East and Raketa’s strategy to combine Russian watchmaking history with regional cultural elements.  

Common Technical Specifications (Modern Models):

  • Movement: Raketa 2615 in-house automatic calibre.
    • Jewels: 24 jewels (some sources indicate 27, potentially an earlier variant of the 2615).  
    • Frequency: 18,000 beats/hour (2.5 Hz).  
    • Power Reserve: 40 hours.  
    • Winding: Bi-directional automatic winding with a stopper system for manual winding.  
    • Accuracy: -10/+20 seconds per day.  
    • Decoration: Laser engraving, Neva waves, and often a red rotor visible through the transparent caseback.  
    • Material Origin: All metal and the 24 ruby stones of the movement come from Russia, with the hairspring cast from a secret Soviet alloy, contributing to a distinctive acoustic signature.  
  • Case: Stainless steel, cushion shape, 40mm diameter, 14.05mm thickness, 43mm lug-to-lug. Crown with a ruby stone underneath.  
  • Crystal: Sapphire on the front, mineral on the transparent caseback.  
  • Water Resistance: 10 ATM / 100 metres.  
  • Luminosity: Hands and indices with Superluminova coating.  

The modern re-editions of the Big Zero (0283, 0296, 0297, Arabic) demonstrate Raketa’s successful strategy in modernising its brand while retaining its fundamental design identity. The shift from the hand-wound 2609.HA movement to the automatic 2615 movement , the upgrade to sapphire crystal, and increased water resistance reflect contemporary market expectations for luxury watches. However, the retention of the iconic “Big Zero” dial and the commitment to in-house movement production (even with Russian materials) highlight a deliberate effort to maintain authenticity and appeal to both new and traditional collectors. The limited editions and regional variants (like the Arabic dial) further showcase a sophisticated marketing approach to cater to diverse global markets.  

Comparison Between Vintage and Modern Models: Technical and Philosophical Evolution

The comparison between vintage and modern Raketa Big Zero models reveals a significant evolution both technically and philosophically, while maintaining a strong connection to the original design identity.

Movement: The most significant transition is the shift from the hand-wound 2609.HA calibre (vintage) to the automatic 2615 calibre (modern). While the 2609.HA was known for its robustness and simplicity in an era of mass production , the 2615 offers the convenience of automatic winding, a 40-hour power reserve, and more elaborate decoration visible through the transparent caseback.  

Materials and Finishes: Modern models utilise stainless steel for the case and sapphire crystal for the front, enhancing durability and scratch resistance compared to the chrome-plated brass and acrylic crystal of vintage pieces. The addition of a ruby in the crown on modern models adds a touch of luxury.  

Water Resistance: Vintage models were generally not waterproof , whereas modern ones offer 10 ATM / 100 metres of resistance, making them suitable for daily wear and light swimming.  

Design Philosophy: Although the iconic “Big Zero” design remains faithful to the original, the transition from a functional, mass-produced Soviet-era watch to a collectible, luxury piece in the modern era is evident. Modern models are positioned for an audience that appreciates both history and in-house craftsmanship, with an average price point of around €1,200. The limited production of some modern editions (e.g., 200 pieces for the grey, 100 for the Arabic) underscores their exclusivity.  

The comparison reveals a clear evolution from a utilitarian, mass-produced item (the vintage Big Zero) to a collectible luxury item (the modern Big Zero). This transformation is driven by technological advancements (automatic movement, sapphire, water resistance) and a strategic brand repositioning in a global market. The modern Raketa leverages its historical authenticity and in-house production capabilities to justify a higher price point and attract discerning collectors. This shift reflects broader trends in the watch industry, where historical brands adapt to new consumer expectations while preserving their unique heritage.

Table 3: Comparison Between Vintage and Modern Raketa Big Zero Models

The following table offers a concise and direct comparison highlighting the key differences and improvements between vintage and modern Big Zero models. It helps readers quickly grasp the watch’s evolution and provides practical information for collectors interested in both eras. It also reinforces the narrative of modernisation while preserving heritage.

FeatureVintage ModelsModern Models
EraSoviet (1970s – early 1990s)Post-Soviet (Revival from 2010 onwards)
MovementCalibre 2609.HA (Hand-Wound) Calibre 2615 (Automatic, In-House)
Case MaterialChrome-plated Brass Stainless Steel
Crystal MaterialAcrylic (Plexiglass) Sapphire (Front), Mineral (Caseback)
Water ResistanceGenerally Not Waterproof 10 ATM / 100 Metres
Dial Numerals/IndicesApplied, triangle tips typically rounded (cushion case) Multi-layered lacquered, Superluminova coating
Approximate Price Range$80 – $400+ (depending on condition, rarity, “franken” status) €1,200 – €2,200+ (based on models like 0283, 0297, Amphibia)

V. Authentication and Collecting Guide

Identifying Fakes and “Franken-watches”: Red Flags on Dials, Hands, Cases, and Movements

The market for vintage Soviet watches, including the Raketa Big Zero, contains a significant number of fakes and “franken-watches” (pieces assembled from non-original parts). Collectors must be vigilant.  

Dials: This is the most commonly faked component.  

  • Marker Shape: Authentic Big Zeros (especially cushion-cased ones) feature triangular hour markers with slightly rounded tips. Fakes often have pointy or sharp wedges. However, some authentic 1980s catalogues show sharper tips, so this is not a definitive standalone criterion.  
  • Numeral Shape: The “0” and other numerals (3, 6, 9) should appear “squarish” rather than perfectly oval, with subtle variations in thickness.  
  • Application: Authentic numerals and triangles are applied markers (glossy resin or thin metal, slightly raised), not simply flat printed. Flat printing is a major red flag.  
  • Print Quality: Fakes often exhibit poor print quality, with “hairy” or uneven edges on the numerals.  
  • Logo and Country Designation:
    • “Paketa” (Cyrillic) is for the domestic Soviet market; “Raketa” (Latin) for later Soviet or export models.  
    • Authentic country designations are “Сделано в CCCP” (Cyrillic) or “Made in USSR” (English).  
    • A mix of Cyrillic logo and “Made in Russia” (English) on the same dial, or the absence of any country designation, are strong red flags.  

Hands: Incorrect hands are a common issue for “franken-watches”. Authentic hour and minute hands are thick and “stubby” with a slight tip/curve, while the seconds hand is thin but flares slightly at the back. Deviations from these specific shapes are warning signs.  

Cases: The authentic Big Zero (cushion) case features a smooth, press-on bezel with a slight bevel and a continuous curve from the case midpoint to the lug tips. Many “franken-watches” feature incorrect case shapes or lugs. Vintage cases were often chrome-plated brass, which may show signs of wear over time.  

Crystal: An authentic vintage Big Zero crystal is acrylic and “hockey puck”-shaped (sharp 90-degree edges towards a flat top), not a dome.  

Pocket Watches: For pocket watches, it is crucial to verify the consistency between the dial and the caseback. While Raketa “Big Zero” pocket watches exist and Raketa pocket watches with sailboat engravings (typically with Roman numeral dials) are also found, the combination of a “Big Zero” dial with a sailboat caseback is not documented as original factory production. Therefore, a pocket watch exhibiting both these features should be considered a “frankenwatch” or a non-original assembly.  

Movement: While the 2609.HA is robust, it is important to ensure it is the correct movement for the model. Some 24-hour dials might be paired with a 2609.HA, which makes the watch a “fake” for a 24-hour watch, unless it is a third-party conversion.  

The proliferation of fakes and “franken-watches” in the Soviet watch market is a direct consequence of their increasing popularity and affordability. The detailed authentication points (dial markings, hand shapes, case contours) become critical tools for collectors. This situation reflects the challenges of collecting items from a defunct political-economic system, where original documentation might be scarce and parts supply irregular, creating a fertile ground for deceptive practices. Understanding these nuances is essential to preserving the historical integrity of a collection.  

Advice for Collectors: What to Look For, Where to Buy, Importance of Condition and Documentation

For collectors interested in the Raketa Big Zero, it is crucial to adopt an informed approach to ensure the authenticity and value of acquired pieces.

Authenticity: Always verify authenticity by checking for matching serial numbers, correct caseback engravings, and original dials. Be wary of overly polished or altered pieces.  

Condition: While patina can add character, watches with minimal modifications and original parts are more desirable. Overly restored or repainted dials can diminish collectability.  

Where to Buy: Online platforms like eBay and Chrono24 are common sources, but caution is advised due to the presence of fakes. Reputable Russian watch forums (e.g., the Russian Watch Forum on Watchuseek.com) are excellent resources for information and advice from the community. Direct purchases from official Raketa stores (physical or online) guarantee authenticity for modern models.  

Pricing: Vintage Big Zero wristwatches can range from under $105 to over $160, with some rare variants fetching higher prices (e.g., “Big Zero” Peterhof CCCP full set NOS at $370, or “Salmon Dial” at $416). Raketa pocket watches with sailboat engravings can be found in the range of approximately $55-$70 , while Raketa “Big Zero” pocket watches are priced between approximately $89 and $176. Modern re-editions are significantly higher priced, around €1,200 – €2,200. The value of Soviet watches is increasing due to their historical depth, unique appeal, and the growing scarcity of well-preserved pieces.  

Serviceability: It is important to be aware that vintage mechanical watches often require servicing. While the 2609.HA is robust, repairs can be costly due to non-standard parts. It is advisable to seek out competent hobbyists or specialised watchmakers for maintenance.  

The advice for collectors, including authenticity checks, condition assessment, and seeking reliable sources, highlights the evolving nature of the Soviet watch market. What was once a niche, affordable segment is gaining increasing attention, leading to rising values and a greater presence of fakes. The community aspect, through forums, plays a crucial role in knowledge sharing and combating fraud. This market dynamic underscores the transformation of Soviet watches from mere utilitarian objects to highly sought-after historical artefacts, whose value is increasingly tied to their verifiable originality and historical narrative.

Conclusions

The Raketa Big Zero stands as a compelling testament to Soviet horological ingenuity and design philosophy. Its journey from a functional timepiece born in the 1970s to a global cultural icon, deeply intertwined with the Perestroika era, underscores its unique historical significance. The original design, prioritising legibility and practicality, has resonated through the decades, influencing both vintage collecting and modern re-editions.

The enduring legacy of the Petrodvorets Watch Factory, from its imperial founding to its commitment to in-house movement production today, provides a robust foundation for the Raketa brand’s authenticity. The technical robustness of movements like the 2609.HA in vintage models, contrasted with the modernised automatic 2615 in contemporary versions, showcases a brand that respects its heritage while embracing innovation.

For collectors, the Raketa Big Zero offers a rich and rewarding pursuit, though it demands careful attention to authentication details. The proliferation of “franken-watches” necessitates a thorough understanding of historical dial markings, hand shapes, and case characteristics, including the distinction between wristwatch and pocket watch variants. Awareness that “Big Zero” pocket watches and those with sailboat engravings are separate design lines is crucial to avoid non-authentic pieces. The market’s appreciation for these watches continues to grow, driven by their unique blend of history, design, and mechanical integrity.

Ultimately, the Raketa Big Zero is more than a time-telling device; it is a tangible narrative of Russian history, technological ambition, and societal change, making it a truly distinctive piece in the world of horology.

History of Slava: The Second Moscow Watch Factory

History of Slava: The Second Moscow Watch Factory

The history of Slava, one of the most iconic brands in Russian watchmaking, begins with the foundation of the Second Moscow Watch Factory. This article explores the origins, development, challenges, and evolutions of this historic factory up to its current state.

Origins of the Second Moscow Watch Factory

Founded in 1924, the Second Moscow Watch Factory was one of the first non-military watch manufacturers in the Soviet Union. In 1929, the Soviet Union acquired two American watch factories, the Dueber-Hampden Watch Company and the Ansonia Clock Company, to start its own watchmaking industry​ (Wixsite)​​ (Wixsite)​. Official watch production began in 1931, using the equipment purchased from the Ansonia Clock Company.

During World War II, the factory was evacuated to Chistopol and focused on producing military equipment. After the war, the factory returned to Moscow and resumed civilian watch production​ (Two Broke Watch Snobs)​​ (Wikipedia)​.

The Birth of the Slava Brand

In the 1950s, the factory began producing watches under the brand name “Slava,” which means “glory” in Russian. This brand was distinguished for producing watches exclusively for civilian consumption, without military or aerospace pretensions​ (Wixsite)​​ (Wikipedia)​.

Innovations and Awards

The Slava factory was innovative from its early years. In the 1960s, it introduced the “Slava Transistor,” a watch with an electronic movement that won a gold medal at the Leipzig Fair in 1964​ (DuMarko)​​ (Слава – Русские часы)​. Other significant awards include the gold medal at the Brno International Fair in 1974 and another gold medal at the Leipzig Fair in 1975 for models with a 24mm caliber​ (Слава – Русские часы)​.

Expansion and Collaborations

From 1955 to 1979, Slava exported up to 50% of its production to over 72 countries. It collaborated with other Soviet manufacturers like Raketa and Vostok to develop advanced movements​ (DuMarko)​​ (Слава – Русские часы)​.

Challenges of Privatization

After the fall of the USSR, the Slava factory faced numerous difficulties. During the privatization of the 1990s, many movements were exported to China and Hong Kong to produce cheap counterfeits, damaging the brand’s reputation​ (Wikipedia)​​ (Слава – Русские часы)​.

Revival and Current Situation

In 2005, the factory and the Slava brand were acquired by Globex Bank and later transferred to the city of Moscow. The production facilities near Belorusskaya metro station were demolished in 2008 to make way for a shopping center, while wristwatch production was maintained and integrated into the Slava Technopark​ (Wikipedia)​​ (Слава – Русские часы)​.

Since 2016, Slava has been using movements produced by the Chistopol Watch Factory “Vostok” for its new models​ (Слава – Русские часы)​. Today, production continues with new models inspired by historic designs, such as “Slava Televisor,” “Era,” “Mir,” “Sadko,” “Ais,” and “Doctor,” using the original Slava 2427 movements​ (Слава – Русские часы)​.

Anecdotes and Trivia

An interesting fact is about the “Slava Transistor” model, which won a gold medal at the Leipzig Fair in 1964. This watch used an electronic movement that was innovative for its time, showcasing the factory’s technological advancement​ (DuMarko)​.

Another anecdote involves Slava’s appearance in the 2016 Bulgarian film “Glory” (original title “Slava”), where the protagonist’s Slava watch plays a key role in the plot​ (Wikipedia)​.

Conclusion

The history of Slava is a journey through the evolution of Russian watchmaking, from its roots in the Second Moscow Watch Factory to its current production of innovative models. Despite the challenges of privatization and counterfeiting, Slava continues to represent excellence in watchmaking.

For more information and updates on new Slava models, visit the official Slava website.


Sources:

  1. Second Watch Factory
  2. Slava Watches
  3. DuMarko
  4. Russian Watches Info
  5. Wikipedia

History of Poljot: From the First Moscow Watch Factory to Volmax and Maktime

russian watch Poljot Deluxe automatic

The “history of Poljot” begins with the establishment of the First Moscow Watch Factory (Первый Государственный Часовой Завод) in 1930, a key event within the framework of the first Soviet Five-Year Plan. This plan, launched in 1928, aimed to develop heavy industry and modernise the Soviet economy, and the creation of a state-owned watch factory was a significant part of this effort. On December 21, 1927, the Council of Labour and Defence approved a resolution to organise watch production in the USSR, with the goal of producing watches that were comparable in quality and precision to those from Switzerland and the United States​ (Poljot Watch)​​ (Moscow Watch)​.

Foundation and Early Years

The Birth within the Context of the Five-Year Plan

To achieve this goal, a group of Soviet engineers was sent to the United States to study production techniques. In 1929, the Soviet government purchased machinery and equipment from the Dueber-Hampden Watch Company in Canton, Ohio, and the Ansonia Clock Company in Brooklyn, New York. These machines were transported to Moscow, along with 23 American technicians, to initiate production​ (Caliber Corner)​​ (KaminskyBlog)​.

Initial Production Years

Construction of the factory began in February 1930 and was completed by June of the same year. Official production started on October 1, 1930, with the first 50 pocket watches, known as Type-1 or К-43, based on the Hampden Size 16 calibre. Despite initial difficulties, including a shortage of skilled workers and frequent machinery breakdowns, production rapidly improved thanks to intensive worker training and the establishment of a repair workshop​ (Moscow Watch)​.

Expansion and Development

Dedication to Kirov and Production Growth

In 1935, the factory was renamed in honour of Sergei Kirov, a Bolshevik leader who had been assassinated. This event marked a period of expansion, with production reaching 450,000 pieces per year and the beginning of special watch production for cars and aeroplanes​ (Moscow Watch)​.

Evacuation during World War II

During World War II, the factory was evacuated to Zlatoust due to the advancing German forces. However, part of the equipment was brought back to Moscow in 1943, and the factory resumed production, focusing on wristwatches. This period also marked the beginning of the production of the renowned Pobeda watch​ (KaminskyBlog)​.

The Birth of the Poljot Brand

Name Change and New Models

In 1947, the factory was renamed the First Moscow Watch Factory and started producing the Pobeda wristwatch. In the 1950s, the factory became well-known for numerous innovative models, including the first Soviet automatic watches and special watches for Antarctic expeditions​ (Moscow Watch)​​ (Poljot Watch)​.

Introduction of the Poljot Brand

In 1964, all previous brands were consolidated under the name Poljot, which means “flight” in Russian. Poljot quickly became the flagship brand of the Soviet watch industry, producing historical watches used in important space missions, including those worn by Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space​ (Poljot Watch)​.

Decline and Post-Soviet Transformation

Decline in the 1980s and 1990s

In the 1980s, the quality of Soviet watches began to decline due to economic stagnation and technological difficulties. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Poljot factory was privatised and transformed into a joint-stock company in 1992. However, financial and managerial difficulties continued to plague the company​ (KaminskyBlog)​.

Establishment of Volmax and Maktime

Volmax was founded in 2000 by a group of former Poljot employees. The company focused on producing high-quality watches using historical Poljot designs and movements. Brands such as Aviator, Buran, and Sturmanskie were revived under Volmax, keeping the Russian watchmaking tradition alive​ (Moscow Watch)​​ (KaminskyBlog)​.

Maktime, founded in 1996, acquired machinery and equipment from Poljot, including those necessary to produce the famous calibre 3133. Maktime continued the production of this movement and introduced various exclusive watch models, including skeleton watches with precious metal cases and decorations with precious stones​ (Caliber Corner)​.

Key Brands of the First Moscow Watch Factory

BrandDescription
PoljotMeans “flight” in Russian; introduced in 1964, becoming the main brand for export and domestic markets.
PobedaMeans “victory” in Russian; one of the first watches produced after World War II.
SturmanskieWorn by Yuri Gagarin on his first space flight; means “navigator”.
KirovskieNamed in honour of Sergei Kirov; one of the first brands after the factory’s name change in 1935.
MayakMeans “lighthouse” in Russian; one of the brands used in the 1950s and 1960s.
MoskvaMeans “Moscow” in Russian; used in the 1950s.
RodinaMeans “motherland” in Russian; the first Soviet watch with an automatic winding function.
SportivnieMeans “sporting” in Russian; watches with chronograph functions.
SignalMechanical watches with alarm functions; introduced in the late 1950s.
SputnikCommemorative of the launch of the first artificial satellite; introduced in 1957.
AntarktidaSpecial watches produced for Antarctic expeditions.
KosmosMeans “cosmos” in Russian; commemorative space watches.
OrbitaMeans “orbit” in Russian; one of the brands used for wristwatches.
StrelaMeans “arrow” in Russian; worn by Alexei Leonov during the first spacewalk.
VympelA brand for high-precision watches.
BuranAlso used for more recent models.
AviatorMainly used for aviator watches.

Main Calibres Produced

Mechanical Calibres

  • Calibre 3133: Based on the Valjoux 7734, this is one of the most renowned chronograph movements.
  • Calibre 2612: Mechanical movement with an alarm function.
  • Calibre 2609: Used in Sturmanskie watches.

Quartz Calibres

  • Calibre 2416: Quartz movement used in various Poljot models in the 1980s and 1990s.
  • Calibre 2431: Another quartz movement produced in the later years of Poljot’s operations.

Conclusion

The “history of Poljot” is a journey through decades of technological and historical changes, consistently maintaining the high quality and craftsmanship of Russian watches. The legacy of Poljot continues to live on through the efforts of Volmax and Maktime.


Cosmonaut Training Center: Gagarin and Leonov on the Watch Dial

russian watch Luch Gagarin

Watch Description

The watch celebrating the Cosmonaut Training Center is a significant tribute to this fundamental institution for Soviet space exploration. The watch case is made of anodized brass, and the Luch brand is known for producing high-quality watches in Russian horology. The dial features an image that is believed to represent Alexei Leonov during his historic spacewalk. Other symbols include the inscription “Центр Подготовки Космонавтов” (Cosmonaut Training Center) and “Имени Ю. А. Гагарина” (Named after Yu. A. Gagarin).

russian watch Luch Gagarin
Luch Gagarin

The Cosmonaut Training Center

The Cosmonaut Training Center, named after Yuri Gagarin after his death in 1968, was founded in the early 1960s in Star City, near Moscow. This center has been the hub of preparation for Soviet and Russian astronauts. From the beginning, it has seen iconic figures like Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, and Alexei Leonov, the first to conduct a spacewalk.

The center was designed to provide comprehensive training to cosmonauts, including flight simulations, microgravity exercises, and intensive physical training. The center’s facilities include centrifuges to simulate gravitational forces during takeoff and landing, pools for extravehicular activity training, and spacecraft simulators.

The Cosmonaut Training Center played a crucial role during the space race, preparing cosmonauts for critical missions such as those of the Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz spacecraft. It has significantly contributed to the success of the Soviet space program and continues to be a pillar of Russian space training. For more information, visit RussianSpaceWeb.

Yuri Gagarin’s Achievement

Yuri Gagarin, the first man to orbit the Earth on April 12, 1961, made the Cosmonaut Training Center famous worldwide. Gagarin became a global symbol of courage and innovation, paving the way for future space missions and representing the pinnacle of technology and human aspiration. For more details, visit Wikipedia on Yuri Gagarin.

Alexei Leonov and the First Spacewalk

On March 18, 1965, Alexei Leonov conducted the first spacewalk, marking a milestone in space exploration. During the Voskhod 2 mission, Leonov exited the spacecraft for 12 minutes, facing the vacuum of space. His determination and courage are celebrated through the image on the watch dial. Leonov demonstrated that humans could operate outside the confines of the spacecraft. For detailed information on Leonov’s spacewalk, visit Space.com.

Luch Brand

Luch is a historic brand of Soviet horology, known for producing high-quality watches since 1953. The factory, located in Minsk, Belarus, maintained significant production throughout the Soviet era and continues to operate today, producing watches appreciated both nationally and internationally. For the full history of the Luch brand, visit Luch.by.

The Luch 2356 Caliber

The Luch 2356 caliber is a quartz movement known for its reliability and precision. This caliber has been used in various Russian watches, such as Chaika, Luch, Slava, Uglich, and Raketa. The Luch 2356 caliber uses a 371 battery, making it easy to maintain.

The CARDI Vostok Watch Brand: A Collaboration Between Design and Russian Mechanics

cardi vostok russian watch

Introduction

The CARDI Vostok watch brand represents a unique collaboration between Western design and Russian mechanical precision. Founded in the early 1990s, this brand distinguished itself with unique designs and the use of high-quality movements produced by the renowned Vostok watch factory.

Origins and History

The history of CARDI Vostok begins in 1991, shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The name “Cardi” is derived from the abbreviation of “Car Design Studio,” a Russian company specializing in automobile customization. In an attempt to diversify its activities, Cardi began collaborating with the Vostok watch factory to produce watches with a more “Western” aesthetic​ (WatchUSeek Watch Forums)​​ (WatchUSeek Watch Forums)​.

The early models of CARDI Vostok were known for their innovative design and the use of materials such as brass and cheap alloys, mainly produced by the Minsk Watch Factory. These watches were considered high quality, but over time the quality of the materials declined, leading the brand to lose popularity and cease production around 2009​ (Sovietaly)​.

Design and Movements

cardi vostok russian watch
Cardi Vostok Racingtime GP

CARDI Vostok models combine Cardi’s creative design with Vostok’s robust mechanical movements. The designs were often inspired by the automotive world, with names like “Capitan,” “MVM Sport,” “GP,” “Racing Time,” and “Radar”​ (WatchUSeek Watch Forums)​.

The watches used high-quality mechanical movements, such as the 2409 caliber produced by the Vostok factory. Some later models used movements from the 1st Moscow Watch Factory (Poljot) and the Slava factory, in addition to the original Vostok movements. However, after being acquired by Interex-Orion in 2000, the brand began using Chinese movements to reduce costs, further impacting the overall quality of the watches​ (WatchCrunch)​​ (WatchUSeek Watch Forums)​.

cardi vostok russian watch
Cardi Vostok Racingtime GP

Decline and End of Production

Despite initial success, various factors led to the brand’s decline. The quality of the materials used decreased over time, and the introduction of Chinese movements compromised the brand’s reputation for quality. These changes led to a drop in sales and, ultimately, the cessation of production around 2009. Today, Cardi has withdrawn from the watch market and refocused on automotive design​ (Sovietaly)​​ (WatchUSeek Watch Forums)​.

Conclusion

CARDI Vostok watches represent an interesting chapter in the history of Russian watchmaking, characterized by a mix of Western design and Russian mechanics. Although production has ceased, these watches remain collectible items for vintage watch enthusiasts and symbolize a period of transition and innovation.

For more information, you can consult the sources used in this article: WatchCrunch, WatchUSeek, Sovietaly, and SovietWatchStore.

Vostok Desert Shield: A Watch Steeped in Legend and History

soviet watch Vostok Komandirskie Operation Desert Shield

Among Russian watches, the Vostok Desert Shield stands out as a hero of numerous urban legends, misunderstandings, stories, and fictional anecdotes. Below, we explore the history and various versions of this iconic watch.

Origins and Creation

The American newspaper Beverly Times mentions the birth of the Vostok Desert Shield on January 28, 1991. The article, likely an advertorial, highlights Bruce Erikson, an American businessman who had the idea of importing “Made in the USSR” watches to the United States. Erikson founded Timepeace Russian Watches Inc. in 1990, commissioning the Vostok factory in Chistopol to produce 10,000 watches to commemorate Operation “Desert Shield” during the Gulf War.

Beverly Times article featuring Timepeace CEO Bruce Erikson displaying the Vostok Desert Shield watch
An article from the Beverly Times dated January 28, 1991, highlighting the promotion of the Vostok Desert Shield watch by Timepeace CEO Bruce Erikson.

The Flag Research Centre worked on the dial image, creating the famous design that combined the American flag with a palm tree and two green Arabian sabres, in homage to the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sultanate of Nejd, united in 1932 to become Saudi Arabia. Erikson also intended to send a watch to President Bush. These watches were not intended for American soldiers serving during the Gulf War; the entire initiative was purely commercial.

Production Details and Various Versions

It seems that the actual production increased to 40,000 units, divided into several series worth distinguishing and analyzing.

First Series

The first series of the Desert Shield is recognizable by the absence of the Vostok B logo on the dial, with the inscription “Made in USSR.” The case is the 420 Amphibian, combined with a bezel with a luminous dot at 12, four small red dots, and seven black dots. The hands are those of the Amphibia, with the seconds hand red and a luminous “lollipop.”

The Timepeace logo is engraved on the case back, which also bears the words “VOSTOK,” “Series I,” “USSR,” “Self Winding,” “SS Case,” “Watertight 200m,” “21 jewels,” and a five-digit serial number. The movement is an automatic Vostok 2416B, with the words “twenty-one” and “21 jewels” written in black on the oscillating weight.

The watch was sold for $149, with a discount for military personnel at $99. It was sold with documents in English, suggesting it was intended for the American market, supporting the idea that it was not a military watch but an accessory available in outlets.

soviet watch Vostok Komandirskie Operation Desert Shield
Vostok Komandirskie Operation Desert Shield
Second Series

This version had an identical dial to the first series but some differences. The case remained the 420 steel model, but the coordinated bezel became the standard Amphibia one, with slightly larger red dots.

The case back had the Timepeace logo and the inscriptions “VOSTOK” or “VREMIR,” “USSR,” “Self-Winding,” “SS Case,” “Watertight 200m,” “21 jewels,” and a six-digit serial number. The movement remained the automatic 2416B, with the inscriptions “twenty-one” and “21 jewels” not in black.

When we talk about the possibility of finding the VOSTOK or VREMIR logo on the case back, we should add that “VREMIR” combines two words: “VREMIA” (time) and “MIR” (peace). “Vremir” was a registered trademark of Timepeaces Russian Watches Inc. in 1991. This detail on the case back is a sort of nod to the company’s name.

This series also had documents in Russian, indicating they were sold both in the United States and in Russia. The number of units produced remains unknown.

russian watch Vostok Komandirskie Operation Desert Shield
Vostok Komandirskie Operation Desert Shield
“Cadet” Model

Another popular model is the 34 mm Cadet model, distinctive for the inscription on the dial “Desert Shield” on the left semicircle and “Desert Storm” on the right semicircle, instead of “Operation Desert Shield,” indicating a design developed after 1991.

The case is the “Cadet” model, measuring 34 mm, with spear-shaped hands for the hours and minutes. The movement is the 2409A, 17 jewels with manual winding. The case back bears the Timepeace logo and the words “Vremir,” “USSR,” “Watertight 50m,” “17 jewels,” “Shockproof,” “SS back,” and a six-digit serial number.

This model often appears in small cases with standard Vostok case backs and is included in a 1993 Vostok catalog.

Other Versions

Browsing the internet or exploring flea markets, you can find Vostok Desert Shield watches with variations from the described models. These might have different case backs, more similar to standard Vostok designs, or dials with the Vostok “B” logo. It is believed that Vostok had a surplus of dials and assembled watches using different Komandirskie or Amphibia cases from the 420. These versions featured the “B” logo and used different cases or movements depending on the period.

Vympel Version

A very special version of the Desert Shield is known with the inscription Alcor Vostok (Алькор Восток) on the case back, a model that at first glance might seem like a fake made with a standard Chinese Tongji calibre, but several elements suggest authentic production, albeit bizarre.

This model is often attributed to the Belarusian factory Vitebsk Instrument-Making Plant, known for using standard Chinese Tongji calibres for its production. The attention to detail and the presence of Vostok logos on the calibre, dial, and case back suggest that, for some particular reason, the production was requested by Vostok. The case design suggests a Vympel, a brand that often used standard Chinese Tongji calibres for its production.

russian watch Vympel Vostok Operation Desert Shield
Vympel Vostok Operation Desert Shield

Modern Versions and Legacy

The Vostok Desert Shield has been honoured several times, with modern and contemporary models updated following new Vostok productions. The museum in Chistopol, where the Vostok factory is located, displays two examples of the Desert Shield, indicating its historical and commercial importance.

Despite its commercial origins, the Vostok Desert Shield is a fascinating artefact, reflecting a combination of history, marketing, and craftsmanship. Its history, linked to the Gulf War and the cultural exchange between the USA and the USSR, continues to capture the attention of watch enthusiasts and collectors worldwide.

Faithful Transcript of the Article

Beverly, Mass, Monday, January 28, 1991

Company’s imported Russian watch commends Operation Desert Shield

By KELLEY BOUCHARD
Times staff

BEVERLY – Timepeace Russian Watches Inc., a Hale Street inport company that formed a year ago, is selling a watch made in the Soviet Union to commemorate Operation Desert Shield.

In the last month, the company already has given away about 300 of the 10,000 limited edition Russian military watches to troops stationed in Saudi Arabia.

Timepeace CEO Bruce Erikson, who runs the company out of his Hale Street home, is saving the first Operation Desert Shield watch made to personally present to President Bush in the future.

“Operation Desert Shield gave peace a chance,” says Erikson, who runs Timepeace with partners Bruce Corwin and W. Edgar Cornish. “America has emerged as the peace-keeping force in the world. Part of a peaceful world order is stopping an aggressor like Saddam Hussein.”

Erikson’s company is promoting the $149 watch among veterans group publications and in various upscale department stores as a way to show support for American soldiers fighting in the Middle East and their families at home.

Designed by the Flag Research Center in Winchester, the face of the Operation Desert Shield watch features an American flag, a palm tree and crossed sabers.

While Erikson admits the outbreak of war in the Persian Gulf was an unfortunate turn of events, he points out one opportunity it presents for many Americans.

“It’s an opportunity for some people to relive the Vietnam experience in a better way,” Erikson says. “People have come to understand the importance of supporting a war effort at home.”

Erikson was introduced to the high quality of Russian watches last year when he and his wife, Lynne, visited the Soviet Union as chaperons with a group from the Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School chorus.

When he returned, Erikson and the partners in the investment company he also runs out of his home began importing watches as Timepeace Russian Watches Inc.

Erikson’s new company would not only fan the embers of free enterprise in the Soviet Union, but also take advantage of what the 43-year-old entrepreneur considers one of Russia’s best-kept secrets.

It’s kind of a secret the Russians have because they have been cut off from the rest of the world for so long.

Beverly, Mass, Monday, January 28, 1991

Vostok Codes: A Complete Guide

Tabella identificativa dei codici degli orologi Vostok con modelli Amphibia e Komandirskie, diverse forme di casse e materiali, e elementi di sfondo dell'era sovietica e militare.

Vostok watches, produced in Russia, are icons of reliability and robustness in the watchmaking world. Known for their ability to withstand extreme conditions, these watches are cherished by both collectors and enthusiasts. Their history dates back to the Soviet era, during which they were developed to meet the needs of both the military and civilians. In this article, we will explore in detail the identification codes used to describe the movements and cases of Vostok watches. For convenience, the notation ABCDE/FGHIJKH is taken from the site: netgrafik.ch.

Understanding Vostok Watch Codes

Russian/Soviet movement and case codes follow a specific format: ABCDE/FGHIJKH.

ABCDE

  • AB: Movement diameter in mm.
  • CD, CDE: Soviet movement specification. For more details, refer to the table at the bottom of the page.

FGH

  • FGH: Case variation. Each combination of numbers represents a different case design or style.

I

  • I: Case material. Here are some examples from Vostok models:
    • 0: Stainless steel and other metals without plating.
    • 1: Chrome plated.
    • 2: Gold plated.
    • 3: Gilded (at least 5 microns).
    • 4: Colour coated.
    • 5: Synthetic, polymer, rubber.
    • 7: Titanium alloy.
    • 9: Glass, crystal, ceramics, marble.

JKH

  • JKH: Handset. Each combination represents a specific type of hands used on the watch.

Classification of Vostok Cases

The table below categorises the different cases used in Vostok watch models. The information is organised by case code (FGH), case material (I), watch model, and case shape.

Vostok Case Table

Case Code FGHMaterial IHandset Code JKHModelCase MaterialCase Shape
350XXXAmphibiaStainless steelTonneau
1190XXXAmphibiaStainless steelOctagonal
710XXXAmphibiaStainless steelOctagonal
470XXXAmphibiaStainless steelCarre
320XXXAmphibiaStainless steelTonneau
9370XXXAmphibiaStainless steelRound
960XXXAmphibiaStainless steelBig Lug
250XXXAmphibiaStainless steelMinistry
020XXXAmphibiaStainless steelRound
420XXXAmphibiaStainless steelRound
627XXXAmphibiaTitanium alloyTonneau
381XXXKomandirskieChrome platedRound
383XXXKomandirskieGold platedRound
781XXXKomandirskieChrome platedRound
783XXXKomandirskieGold platedRound
441XXXKomandirskieChrome platedCarre
443XXXKomandirskieGold platedCarre
791XXXKomandirskieChrome platedRound
793XXXKomandirskieGold platedRound
1391XXXKomandirskieChrome platedRound
1393XXXKomandirskieGold platedRound
291XXXKomandirskieChrome platedRound
293XXXKomandirskieGold platedRound
341XXXKomandirskieChrome platedCarre
349XXXKomandirskieTiNCarre
331XXXKomandirskieChrome platedTonneau
339XXXKomandirskieTiNTonneau
091XXXGeneralskieChrome platedRound

Case Materials

Vostok watch cases are made from various materials, each with its own durability and aesthetic characteristics:

  • Stainless Steel (0): Offers exceptional resistance to corrosion and long durability. It is the predominant material for Amphibia models, known for their robustness.
  • Chrome Plated (1): Primarily used in Komandirskie models, providing a shiny finish and good corrosion resistance.
  • Gold Plated (3): Found in some Komandirskie models, giving a luxurious and refined appearance.
  • Titanium Alloy (7): Lightweight and highly resistant, used in models like the Amphibia for increased durability.
  • TiN (Titanium Nitride) (9): Known for its extreme hardness and scratch resistance, providing a distinctive golden finish.

Case Shapes

Vostok watch cases come in various shapes, each with a unique design to suit different tastes and aesthetic preferences:

  • Tonneau: An elegant, barrel-shaped design.
  • Octagonal: An eight-sided design often associated with robustness.
  • Carre: A square or rectangular shape offering a classic look.
  • Round: The most common and versatile shape, suitable for any style.

Main Models

  • Amphibia: Famous for their water resistance and robust construction, these watches feature cases in stainless steel or titanium alloy. Originally designed for the Soviet naval forces, they have become popular among divers and adventurers.
  • Komandirskie: Inspired by military style, these watches, though not officially used by the military, are available in chrome plated, gold plated, and TiN versions. They are known for their classic design and reliability.
  • Generalskie: These watches also feature a military-inspired style but lack evidence of official military use. They often include models with chrome plated cases.

Conclusion

Vostok watches perfectly combine history, engineering, and design. The diversity of cases, in terms of materials, models, and shapes, offers enthusiasts a wide range of choices. Whether you are a collector or simply a watch lover, Vostok models with their unique characteristics and reliability make an excellent choice. Their history and continuous evolution make them a fascinating topic for anyone interested in horology.

A Zim Watch That Tells a Glorious Story

russian watch Zim 400 years Kuibyshev monument of Glory

One of the most fascinating aspects of collecting watches is discovering what they commemorate or represent. This passion led me in November 2020 to discover a Soviet Zim watch with a champagne-colored dial and a monument depicted on it, which was unknown to me at the time.

The Zim Watch

This Soviet Zim is well-preserved, with a champagne-colored dial that is rich in detail but aesthetically very pleasing. The main elements are well distinguished, and the dial depicts the Monument of Glory in Kuibyshev, now known as Samara. The dial also bears the inscription “Kuybyshev,” the name Samara had from 1935 to 1991 in honor of the Bolshevik leader Valerian Kuybyshev.

russian watch Zim 400 years Kuibyshev monument of Glory
Zim 400 years Kuibyshev monument of Glory

Details of the Watch

The hands, including the small second hand, appear to be original. The dial is in excellent condition, although the watch seems to have been used. The plexiglass may have been replaced. On the dial, between three and nine o’clock, are the waves of the Volga River, adding a touch of elegance and geographical context to the watch.

The Back of the Watch

The case shows signs of wear that have removed the plating, revealing the brass underneath. The stainless steel case back is fixed with a screw-down ring, also in steel. The back bears a serial number: 524715. Although the serial numbers of Soviet watches do not have a particular significance, they are useful for identification through the watch passports.

The Movement of the Watch

The heart of the watch is a simple yet effective Pobeda 2602 caliber without antishock.

Characteristics of the Pobeda 2602 caliber

The Monument of Glory in Kuybyshev

History and Construction of the Monument

Located in the city of Samara, the Monument of Glory is dedicated to the workers of the aviation industry who contributed significantly during the Great Patriotic War. Built between 1968 and 1971, the monument was created by sculptor Pavel Bondarenko, artist Oleg Kiryuhin, and architect A. Samsonov. The structure, over thirty meters high, is made of a stainless steel alloy. The inauguration took place on November 5, 1971.

More information on the history of the monument

Historical Images of the Monument

A selection of historical images allows you to appreciate the monument in various periods, probably starting from its construction in 1971.

The Monument of Glory Today

The monument is located in Slavy Square, with the Volga River in the background. This detail is also depicted on the watch’s dial. The monument, made of an aeronautical alloy, features vertical lines at the base and shiny steel representing rays of light directed towards the sky. The statue on top, 13 meters high, depicts a figure with wings spread.

Video of the Monument

Various videos online show the grandeur of the Monument of Glory and the adjoining square. Here is one of the best from 2019:

The City of Samara

The watch dial shows the founding date of the city of Samara, 1586. Interestingly, one of the earliest representations of the city is on a 14th-century Italian map when Samara was considered a pirate haven.

The two dates on the dial refer to the city’s 400th anniversary (1586-1986).

History of Samara

This watch perfectly represents why I love collecting Russian and Soviet watches: each piece is a journey through time and space, allowing me to visit historical moments and fascinating places just by looking at the dial.

Discovering the Charm of Soviet and Russian Watch Collections

Ritaglio schermata pagina Lancette Sovietiche Collezionare Sovietaly intervista

It may seem unusual, but sometimes a collection of Soviet/Russian watches can capture the attention and appreciation of even those who are not experts in the field. This intriguing niche of collecting has recently been highlighted in an interview published by the magazine “Collezionare,” available in both print and digital formats (www.collezionare.com).

The Magazine “Collezionare”

The magazine “Collezionare” is a specialized publication focused on the world of collecting, offering in-depth articles, news, and interviews on a wide range of collectible items. From vintage to antiques and modern collectibles, the magazine serves as an authoritative and up-to-date resource for enthusiasts. Available in both print and online versions, “Collezionare” stands out for the quality of its content and the passion with which it tells the stories of collectors and their unique collections.

Two years ago, I contacted several journals related to collecting to promote my father’s Pirelli advertisement collection, including “Collezionare”. The interview with my father can be found at this link. Given the existing contact, a couple of months ago I reached out again to the journalist who conducted the interview, suggesting she might also be interested in my collection of Soviet/Russian watches. A few days later, she contacted me to schedule a phone interview.

Ritaglio schermata pagina Lancette Sovietiche Collezionare Sovietaly intervista
Lancette Sovietiche collezionare online

On April 14, 2018, the online version of the interview was published and can be read at this link.

Soviet Watches

In the interview, Andrea Manini, a 44-year-old from Milan who has been collecting since 1992, shares insights into his collection of over 400 Russian watches. “What I really enjoy is that, unlike Swiss watches, Russian ones always have a story to tell.”

The Stories Behind Soviet Watches

Many stories surround Soviet watchmaking, particularly those involving Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space. The watch he wore during the 1961 mission is still a mystery. Some claim it was a Poljot Sturmanskie, produced by the First Moscow Watch Factory, often referred to as the Russian equivalent of the Speedmaster used by Armstrong and Aldrin on the moon. Others believe it was the Type One by Sturmanskie, citing a photo where Gagarin wears this model over his red suit. “But who can say for sure? Maybe it was just a training shot,” says Andrea, emphasizing the mystery that often surrounds these famous timepieces.

The Influence of History on Soviet Watchmaking

The end of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s marked the beginning of a new era for Russian watchmaking in Italy. Andrea, like many other enthusiasts, started his collection in 1992, the year after the USSR’s dissolution. “1992 is my year zero, the year I began to appreciate these beautiful watches. That year, the first after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, all the unique goods from the former USSR became very sought after, including Russian watches, which started appearing in our jewelry stores. Over the years, I have expanded my collection to about 400 pieces.”

Early Discoveries

Andrea’s first purchase was a Vostok Komandirskie wristwatch. “The military look and the rocket on the dial attracted me, and only later did I discover that it was a Vostok Komandirskie model, with the Vostok 1 rocket that Gagarin used to orbit the Earth in 1961.”

Collection Categories

Russian watches are categorized in various ways. Andrea focuses on Russian space adventures and Soviet watches made for the Italian market. Other themes include Soviet polar explorations and Russian railways, particularly the BAM line.

The History of Russian Watchmaking

Russian watchmaking has a complex history intertwined with the country’s social, political, and military developments. During the Tsarist era, watches were mainly produced by artisanal workshops. With the advent of the Soviet Union, watch production became essential for both civilians and the military. Initially, pocket watches were produced, but gradually, wristwatches became the focus.

Watch Factories

Numerous companies arose in the Soviet Union, named after war or space adventures. “The First Moscow Watch Factory, later named Poljot (which means flight), Raketa (rocket), Pobeda (victory, dedicated to WWII), and Chaika (seagull, which was Valentina Tereshkova’s code name during her space flight).”

Export and Marketing

In the 1960s and 70s, Soviet watches were exported at low prices to promote sales. This was a state-imposed strategy. In Italy, Russian watchmaking has often been underrated due to its proximity to Switzerland. However, the Russians understood the importance of marketing and created watches with logos for export or specific models for certain markets.

Rare Models

Among the rarest models in Andrea’s collection is a Raketa Big Zero with a nephrite dial, a green stone similar to jade. Finding rare models is challenging, especially online where many fakes and assembled pieces are sold.

Tips for Collectors

To avoid buying fakes, Andrea advises consulting more experienced and reliable collectors. “Today, there are many forums and groups where you can exchange opinions and advice.”

This collection of Soviet/Russian watches, with its rich history and intriguing models, continues to captivate not only enthusiasts but also newcomers to the world of collecting.

Vostok Cosmonaut: The Watch of the Soviet Space Era

soviet watch Vostok Generalskie Cosmonaut

The Vostok Cosmonaut, also improperly known as the Vostok Astronaut, is a highly sought-after Soviet watch among collectors worldwide. Its charm lies in the dial that depicts the profile of a cosmonaut inside a space suit helmet. But who is actually depicted? Let’s explore the various theories and the different versions of this iconic watch.

Versions of the Vostok Cosmonaut

There are primarily three variants of the Vostok Cosmonaut watch: two from the Soviet era and one from the post-Soviet transitional period. Additionally, there are different types of cases and bezels that add to the variety of this model.

Soviet Era Versions
  1. Black Dial The black dial version is usually housed in a chromed Generalskie 091xxx case, with the Vostok automatic caliber 2416b. Produced in the 1980s, it was mainly destined for the Italian and German markets. This model is easily recognizable by its typical unidirectional bezel with small dots.
  2. Blue Dial The blue dial version, much rarer, is set in a Neptune case and features a Vostok automatic caliber. Despite the color differences, the dial design remains substantially identical to the black version.
Transitional Period Version

There is also a post-Soviet version of the Vostok Cosmonaut. This variant, often marketed as Amphibia, follows the success of the Soviet versions with a very similar dial. The main differences lie in the case and bezel, as seen in the following images.

russian watch Vostok Amphibia Valentina Tereskova
Vostok Amphibia Valentina Tereskova
https://www.watchuseek.com/threads/cosmonaut-vostok.628747/

The Dial of the Vostok Cosmonaut

The most distinctive part of the watch is undoubtedly the dial, which depicts the profile of a cosmonaut with a helmet against a backdrop evoking deep space. The Soviet and transitional versions are very similar but present some differences in graphic details.

At first glance, it’s not easy to notice the differences between the two versions. However, by carefully comparing the reflections on the helmet and visor, distinctive details can be identified. Just take the position of the “P” on the helmet as a reference.

Confronto tra i quadranti del Vostok Astronaut

Who is Depicted?

There are three main theories regarding the identity of the cosmonaut depicted:

  1. Yuri Gagarin The most common theory is that the cosmonaut is Yuri Gagarin, the first man to travel into space. The delicate features of the depicted face resemble those of Gagarin, as seen in historical photos​ (Astronomy Scope)​​ (Night Sky Pix)​.
  2. Anna Lee Fisher Some suggest that the image might be inspired by American astronaut Anna Lee Fisher. Although it’s unlikely for an American astronaut to be depicted on a Soviet watch, the resemblance to some photographs of Fisher is striking​ (Difference Wiki)​.
  3. Valentina Tereshkova The most fascinating and perhaps most probable theory is that the face depicted is that of Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to travel into space. Her historic mission aboard Vostok 6 in 1963 makes her an icon of the Soviet space era​ (Astronomy Scope)​​ (WorldAtlas)​.

Does the Vostok Cosmonaut Have Clones?

There is a similar, though less prestigious, version of the Vostok watch. It is a Slava model with manual winding and caliber 2428. The light gray/white dial features the profile drawing of the cosmonaut but with less definition compared to the original Vostok. Curiously, the bottom of the dial bears the name Yuri Gagarin in Cyrillic (Ю. А. ГАГАРИН), which might support the theory that the cosmonaut depicted is Gagarin.

russian watch Slava Gagarin
Slava Gagarin

Conclusions

The Vostok Cosmonaut, with its various versions, is a milestone in any collection dedicated to the space era and Soviet watches. The simplicity of the design and the cleanliness of the dial make it one of the best Soviet watches of the 1980s. Regarding who is depicted on the dial, the mystery adds an additional layer of charm. Whether it is Gagarin, Tereshkova, or a generic cosmonaut, the Vostok Cosmonaut continues to celebrate those brave men and women who paved the way for space exploration.

Difference Between Cosmonaut and Astronaut

The term “cosmonaut” is used to refer to space travelers trained by the Russian or Soviet space agency, while “astronaut” is used for those trained by U.S., European, Canadian, or Japanese space agencies​ (StarLust)​​ (Astronomy Scope)​​ (Night Sky Pix)​. The distinction originated during the Cold War and reflects the independence and competition between the U.S. and Soviet space programs.

  • Cosmonaut: Derived from the Greek words “kosmos” (universe) and “nautes” (sailor), meaning “sailor of the universe.”
  • Astronaut: Derived from the Greek words “astron” (star) and “nautes” (sailor), meaning “sailor of the stars.”

Fun Facts About Anna Lee Fisher

Anna Lee Fisher was the first mother to fly into space and worked as a chemist and astronaut for NASA. She was married to William Frederick Fisher, also an astronaut, and together they represented one of the few married couples to have both flown into space​ (Difference Wiki)​.

Insights on Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova

  • Yuri Gagarin: The first man in space, on April 12, 1961, completing an orbit of the Earth with the Vostok 1 mission. His achievement represents a milestone in the history of space exploration​ (WorldAtlas)​​ (Night Sky Pix)​.
  • Valentina Tereshkova: The first woman in space, flew on June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6. Her mission lasted almost three days and marked a significant advancement in the inclusion of women in the space program​ (WorldAtlas)​​ (Night Sky Pix)​.

For further insights, here are some useful links:

  1. Forum Orologiko
  2. Watchuseek – Discussion on Vostok Cosmonaut
  3. Article on Valentina Tereshkova
  4. Biography of Yuri Gagarin
  5. History of Vostok Watches
  6. Technical Details on Soviet Watches
  7. Soviet Space Adventures